Te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Whakatōtō Ngota i roto i te Whakamaemaetanga o ngā Diglycerides

Whakarāpopototanga: Te whakahoro irahikoKo te whakatōtō ara-poto, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakatōtō ara-poto, he tukanga whakatōtō kore-taurite e tutuki ai te wehenga o ngā matū i raro i te korehau teitei i runga i ngā rerekētanga o te ara kore utu toharite o te nekehanga ngota o ngā matū rerekē. Ko te hangarau whakatōtō ngota he tohu korehau teitei, he pāmahana whakatōtō iti, he wā whakamahana poto, me te pai o te wehenga teitei. Nō reira, ka taea e ia te whakaiti ake i te utu wehenga o ngā rauemi kohua-teitei, te tiaki i te kounga o ngā rauemi tairongo-wera, ā, he pai mō te wehenga me te purenga o ngā matū kohua-teitei, tairongo-wera, me ngā matū ngāwari te waikura. I tēnei wā, kua whakamahia te hangarau whakatōtō ngota i roto i ngā ahumahi pēnei i te petrochemical, te matū pai, me te kai. Ka tātarihia e tēnei pepa te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakatōtō ngota i roto i te purenga o ngā diglycerides.

Ngā Kupumatua: Hangarau Whakatōtō Ngota; ngā diglycerides; te whakamahinga purenga

I roto i te hanga matū, he maha ngā matū kei roto i te āhua o ngā ranunga. Hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te hanga me te whakamahinga, me wehewehe ēnei matū ki tētahi parakore. I roto i ngā momo tikanga wehewehe, he mea noa te whakatō, ā, he maha ngā painga nui o te hangarau whakatō ngota. I tēnei wā, me te tere o te whanaketanga o te umanga matū, kua tīmata te rāngai ki te aro nui ki te ahunga whakamua me te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau. I te whakamahi i te hangarau whakatō ngota, me whakahaere me te mahi i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tukanga whakaputa me ngā hua whakamutunga mai i te tirohanga matomato, kia tutuki ai te whanaketanga o te matū matomato pai.

I.He Tirohanga Whānui mō te Hangarau Whakatōtō Ngota

1. Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Hangarau Whakatōtō Irahiko

Ko te hangarau whakatōtō ngota he tikanga whakaputa matū hou kua arohia e te motu me te ao. Ko tōna āhuatanga ahurei ko te hangarau wehewehe ā-tinana, he rerekē rawa atu i ngā tikanga whakatōtō tuku iho, ā, he tino pai ake i te whakatōtō tuku iho i runga i te kaha hangarau me te whai huatanga o te wehewehe. Ko te kaha akiaki mō te wehenga i roto i te hangarau whakatōtō ngota i ahu mai i te nekehanga o ngā ngota o ngā matū rerekē me ngā rerekētanga o ō rātou ara kore utu toharite. Ina heke te pēhanga i roto i te wehewehe, ā, ka piki te pāmahana, ka tere ake te nekehanga ngota, ka heke te diameter ngota. I te mahi a te wehewehe, ka nui haere ngā rerekētanga o ngā diameter ngota, ā, ka tutuki te wehenga o ngā matū. Kei roto i te taputapu wehewehe he mīhini whakamomona, he pereti whakamahana, he pereti whakatōtō, me ētahi atu. I raro i te taiao korehau teitei, ko te mahi tahi o ngā pereti whakamahana me ngā pereti whakatōtō ka wehea ngā ngota i roto i te wai mata kua konatunatua, ka rere ki ngā pereti whakatōtō, ā, ka tutuki te wehenga angitu.

2. Ngā Hangarau Matua i roto i te Whakatōtō Ngota

Kia taea ai e te hangarau whakahoro ngota te whai wāhi nui ki te whakaputa matū matomato, me tātari whānuitia ngā hangarau matua e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga whakahoro. Mā te māramatanga hōhonu anake ka taea ai te whakamahi i tēnei hangarau te whakatutuki i ngā hua pai ake. He maha ngā tikanga hangarau matua e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakahoro ngota. Ko te tuatahi ko te hangarau hiri korehau teitei. Koinei te kī ki te whakatinanatanga maeneene o te tukanga whakahoro ngota katoa. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau hiri korehau teitei ka taea te hanga i tētahi taiao korehau mō te whakahoro ngota, kia pai ai te mahi o ngā tukanga whakahoro ngota e whai ake nei. He wāhanga nui anō hoki o te hangarau te whakamomona whakahoro ngota. I roto i te tukanga whakamahi i te hangarau whakahoro ngota, he mea nui kia whakarite kia tutuki i te hanganga o te whakamomona ngā whakaritenga whakaputa, kia pai ai te wehenga rauemi kounga teitei. Hei tāpiri, kei reira te pūnaha kawe rauemi. Koinei te uaua mō te whakahaere o te hangarau whakahoro ngota. Me whakapai ake tēnei pūnaha hei whakarei ake i te pono o te hangarau whakahoro ngota me te whakarite kia haere tonu tōna whanaketanga.

II. Ngā Mātāpono me ngā Āhuatanga o te Whakatōtōtanga Irahiko

1. Ngā Mātāpono Taketake

Ko te whakatōtōtanga tikanga e ahu mai ana i te taurite o te kohu-wai, me ngā rerekētanga o te piki me te heke i waenga i ngā wāhanga, ā, ka mahia te wehenga i te pāmahana kohua o te ranunga. Ko te whakatōtōtanga ngota, i tetahi atu ringa, ka tutuki te wehenga i waenga i ngā matū i raro i te korehau teitei i runga i ngā rerekētanga o te ara korehau toharite o te nekehanga ngota o ngā matū rerekē. Ko te whakatōtōtanga ngota he tukanga whakatōtōtanga korehau teitei e whakahaerehia ana te wehenga i raro i te taumata kohua o ngā matū, ka waiho hei tukanga whakatōtōtanga kore-taurite. I te wā e whakahaerehia ana te whakatōtōtanga ngota, he nui te ara korehau toharite o ngā ngota wāhanga māmā, ko ngā ngota wāhanga taumaha ia he iti te ara korehau toharite. Mena ka whakatakotoria he mata whakapūpū i tawhiti atu i te mata mimiti he iti iho i te ara korehau toharite o ngā ngota wāhanga māmā engari he nui ake i te o ngā ngota wāhanga taumaha, ka taka ngā ngota wāhanga māmā ki runga i te mata whakapūpū ka whakapūpū. Ka whakararuraru tēnei i te taurite hihiri o tā rātou nekehanga ngota, ka puta tonu rātou. I taua wā, ko ngā ngota wāhanga taumaha, kāore e taea te tae atu ki te mata whakapūpū, ka hoki ki te mata wai taketake ka tere te whakatata atu ki te taurite hihiri. Nō reira, ka wehea ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ranunga.

2. Ngā Painga me ngā Here o te Hangarau Whakatōtō Ngota

I runga i ngā mātāpono whakahaere o te hangarau whakatō ngota, ka taea te whakarāpopoto i ētahi āhuatanga. Tuatahi, he rerekē ki te whakatō tikanga, kāore te tukanga wehenga o te whakatō ngota e hiahia ana ki tētahi taiao pāmahana teitei. Nā te mea ko te whakatō ngota e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nekehanga ngota mō te wehenga, kaua ki ngā pūwāhi kohua. Nō reira, i roto i te mahi mahi, me pupuri te pāmahana i raro i te pūwāhi kohua. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakatō tikanga, me iti ake te pēhanga e hiahiatia ana e te whakatō ngota, ā, ko te whakahekenga o te pēhanga ka arahi ki te hekenga o te pūwāhi kohua. Nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana e tēnei hangarau kia tae ki te pūwāhi kohua, ko te pāmahana whakahaere o te whakatō ngota he iti iho i te whakatō tikanga. Ko te whakatō ngota he tukanga whakatō kore-taurite me ētahi painga. Ko te tuatahi ko te pāmahana whakahaere iti. I roto i te whakatō ngota, ki te mawhiti ngā ngota kohu mai i te wāhanga wai, ka taea te whakatutuki i te wehenga me te kore e tae ki te āhua kohua. Ko tētahi atu painga ko te iti o te pēhanga whakahaere. Hei whiwhi i tētahi ara kore utu toharite nui, me whakaiti te pēhanga whakatō. Nā te mea he māmā ngā taputapu whakatō ngota, ā, he iti te hekenga pēhanga o roto, ka taea te whakatutuki i te korehau teitei ake. Ko te wā whakamahana poto te whai muri. I runga i te mātāpono o te whakapūtanga ngota, ka tae ngā ngota māmā e mawhiti ana i te mata mimiti ki te mata whakapūtanga me te kore e pāngia, ā, ka poto noa te wā whakamahana. Hei tāpiri, he teitei te whai huatanga o te wehenga. I taua wā anō, me tutuki i te mahi whakapūtanga ngota ētahi āhuatanga. Tuatahi, me rerekē te toharite o ngā ara kore utu o ngā ngota māmā me ngā ngota taumaha. Tuarua, me iti ake te tawhiti i waenga i te mata mimiti me te mata mimiti i te toharite o ngā ngota wāhanga māmā. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakapūtanga tikanga, he maha ngā painga nui o te whakapūtanga ngota, engari he iti anō hoki ōna herenga. Nā te mea me wehe te whakapūtanga ngota i raro i te korehau teitei, me nui ake te utu o ngā taputapu me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa me te hangarau.

III. Te Hanganga Whākōkī o ngā Diglycerides

1. Te Whakapūngao

Ka whakamahia e te whakapūkara te glycerol me ngā waikawa ngako kore utu hei rauemi mata, me te lipase hei whakakorikori hei whakaputa i te DAG (diglycerides). I te wā o te tukanga whakapūkara, ka puta ngā hua taha pēnei i te TAG (triglycerides) me te MAG (monoglycerides). Ko te wai i puta i te tauhohenga whakapūkara ehara i te mea ka aukati i te ahunga whakamua o te tauhohenga engari ka whakaitihia hoki te mahi a te lipase. Nō reira, he mea nui te whakahaere i te nui o te wai e tika ana. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te nui o ngā waikawa ngako kore utu e tukuna ana he nui ake i te glycerol hei whakarato i ngā waikawa ngako kore utu e ranea ana mō te whakapūkara me te glycerol, engari kaua e nui rawa, ki te kore ka uaua ki te tango i te mutunga o te tauhohenga, ka pā rānei ki te mahi a te lipase nā te nui o te waikawa. He painga tō te tikanga whakapūkara tika pēnei i te wā tauhohenga poto, te parakore o te hua, me ngā mahi tauhohenga ngāwari. Heoi, nā te mea he tino utu nui ngā waikawa ngako kore utu, he tino teitei te utu o te tikanga whakapūkara tika.

2. Te Whakapūtanga Wai Wāhanga

Ko te tikanga wairākau wāhanga ko te tauhohenga o te TAG ki te wai me te whākōkī hei whiwhi i te ranunga o te DAG, MAG, me te FFA (ngā waikawa ngako kore utu). Kātahi ka whiwhihia te DAG o te parakore teitei mā te tango i te wai, te MAG, te FFA, me te TAG toenga mā te whakatōtō ngota. He māmā te tukanga tauhohenga o te tikanga wairākau wāhanga, ā, he iti te utu. Heoi, ka whakauruhia he wai i roto i tēnei tukanga, ka whakaiti pea i te kounga o te hinu, inā koa ngā hinu he nui te ihirangi o ngā waikawa ngako polyunsaturated. I mua i te puta o te tauhohenga, ko te wairewatanga o te wai i roto i te rauemi ngako ka pā tuatahi ki te tere tauhohenga. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia ngā whakarewa waro, ngā matū horoi rānei ki te tauhohenga wairākau wāhanga hei whakanui ake i te wairewatanga o ngā matū tauhohenga me te whakapai ake i te hua o te DAG.

3. Te Glycerolysis

Ko te Glycerolysis te tikanga tino ohanga mō te whakaputa DAG. Ka whakamahia e te glycerolysis whākōkī te TAG me te glycerol hei rauemi mata i raro i te whakaterenga o te lipase hei whakaputa DAG. I roto i te tukanga glycerolization, ka tāpirihia mārire te glycerol hei ārai i te glycerol mai i te piri ki te pae hohe o te lipase, ā, ka pā ki tana mahi whakaterenga. He rite ki te tikanga hydrolysis wāhanga, ka tāpirihia ētahi surfactants kai-kai ki te tauhohenga glycerolization hei whakakore i te raruraru kore whakauru i waenga i te glycerol me ngā hinu/ngako.

4. Te Whakapūtanga Whakawhiti

Ko te tikanga transesterification e whakamahi ana i te TAG me te MAG hei rauemi mata i raro i te whakaterenga o te lipase hei whakaputa i te DAG. E rua ngā taahiraa o te tikanga transesterification: tuatahi, ko te tauhohenga hydrolysis o te TAG, kātahi ko te tauhohenga esterification i waenga i te lipase mai i te TAG me te MAG kua hydrolyzed. Ko te taurite i waenga i ngā taahiraa e rua o te hydrolysis me te esterification he mea nui, he wero hoki. Heoi anō, ko te utu nui o te MAG he mea kino mō te whakatinanatanga ahumahi.

IV. Te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Whakatōtō Ngota i roto i te Whakamaemaetanga o ngā Diglycerides

He momo hinu hauora hou te DAG (diglycerides), engari he iti rawa te ihirangi o ngā hinu me ngā ngako tūturu. Heoi anō, he maha atu anō ngā hua taha o te hua mata o ngā diglycerides i hangaia i roto i te hanga. Nō reira, he mea tino nui te purenga o ngā diglycerides. Ko te hangarau whakahoro irahiko tētahi o ngā hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tukanga purenga o ngā diglycerides. He hangarau wehewehe me te purenga hou, he whai hua hoki, e tutuki ai te kaupapa o te wehenga me te purenga mā te whakamahi i ngā rerekētanga o te ara kore utu toharite o te nekehanga irahiko o ngā matū rerekē. He iti te pāmahana whakahoro, he poto te wā whakamahana, he teitei te pai o te wehenga, kāore he parahanga, ā, he whānui te whānuitanga o te tono. He tino pai mō te wehenga me te purenga o ngā hua tūturu me ngā ira kohua teitei, te aro ki te wera, me te ngāwari o te waikura. Ka taea hoki e tēnei tikanga te karo i te pirau wera o ngā wāhanga e aro ana ki te wera me te ngāwari o te waikura. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi ki ngā matū motuhake me ngā ira kohua teitei, ngā rerekētanga iti rānei o ngā ira kohua. He whānui ngā tūmanako tono i roto i te purenga o ngā diglycerides. Heoi anō, he raruraru anō hoki kei roto i te tono o te hangarau whakahoro irahiko ki te purenga o ngā diglycerides. Hei tauira, me nui te mahi hiri o ngā taputapu whakahoro ngota, ā, he utu nui hoki. I tēnei wā, kāore he hangarau e pā ana ki tēnei e taea te whakaoti i ēnei raruraru, ā, me whakauru ngā momo tikanga hangarau hou ki te hangarau whakahoro ngota.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, kua tino whakaaturia te pono o te hangarau whakatō ngota i roto i te mahi, ā, ka taea e ia te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga me te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau matū matomato. I te mea he hononga tata te hangarau whakatō ngota ki te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau e pā ana, me whakapakari ake a Haina i ngā whakawhitiwhiti hangarau whānui me te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā umanga, ngā whare wānanga, me ngā whare wānanga, kia whakatakotohia ai he turanga mō te arotau i ngā tawhā tukanga mō te tono ahumahi o te whakatō ngota. He painga motuhake tō te hangarau whakatō ngota i roto i te wehenga me te purenga o ngā rongoā taiao. Kua piki haere te whakamahinga whānuitia i roto i te wehenga me te purenga o ngā rongoā taiao.

Mena he pātai āu e pā ana ki te hangarau whakatō irahiko, ki ngā mara e pā ana rānei, ki te hiahia rānei koe ki te mōhio atu, tēnā koa whakapā maiWhakapā mai tīma ngaio. E whakapau kaha ana mātou ki te whakarato ki a koe te ratonga kounga teitei me teNgā Otinga Tūturu.